fish and shell fish fauna in runoff water of atri hot spring final year project graduation student


Fish And Shell Fish Fauna in Runoff Water of
Atri Hot Spring

A
Dissertation submitted to Prananath College(Autonomous),Khordha for the fulfillment of Bachelor of Science Degree In Zoology












By
Swaraj Sahil Martha
Final Degree Zoology(Hons.)






DEDICATED TO
MY FAMILY










Debi Prasad Pattanaik,M.Sc,M.Phil
Reader, Dept.of Zoology
P.N.College(Auto), Khordha

CERTIFICATE
                          This dissertation entitled Fish and Shell Fish Fauna in Runoff Water of Atri Hot Spring is a record of independent bonafied research work carried out by Miss Swaraj Sahil Martha during the period of Final Year Degree Hons.-2020 under my supervision and guidance for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Zoology and that the dissertation has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma of any other similar title.
                      I recommend this research work for submission  to Prananath College(Auto),Khordha for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Zoology certificate.


                                                                                                      (Debi Prasad Pattanaik)
                                                                                                                     Guide






DECLARATION


                         I hereby declare that the Bachelor of Science Degree in Zoology dissertation thesis entitled “Fish and Shell Fish Fauna in Runoff Water of Atri Hot Springsubmitted for B.Sc(H) Degree (2020) in Zoology of Utkal University is an authentic research work carried out by me under the supervisions of Prof.Debi Prasad Pattanaik, Reader, Prananath College(Auto).Khordha No part thereof has been presented for the award of any Degree, Diploma of any other similar title.


                                                                                                  Swaraj Sahil Martha
                                                                                        Final Year Degree (Zoology Hons.)
                                                                                                 Roll No: - 5903U17058
                                                                                      Prananath College (Auto.),Khordha






SL.NO.
CHAPTER
PAGE NO.
1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
                        I
2.
INTRODUCTION
                          1-4
3.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
                            5
4.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
                            6
5.
RESULTS
                         7-16
6.
DISCUSSION
                          17
7.
CONCLUSION
                          18
8.
REFERENCE
                       19-20









CONTENTS







ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

                          Towards the end of this great voyage, in the quest of knowledge and wisdom, which marks the beginning of a new horizon, it gives me an insurmountable pleasure to mention all of them who planted and nortured the spirit of faith and hope in accomplishing this task.
                         I am extremely rejoiced to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to Prof. Debi Prasad Pattanaik,Reader, Department of Zoology, Prananath College(Autonomous), Khordha, without whose support, knowledge and inspiration this study would have been impossible.
                         Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my friends and well wishers for being a constant source of encouragement and for standing with me in the light and shade of study.

                                                                                                    (Swaraj Sahil Martha)


I
INTRODUCTION
                   A hot spring is produced by the emergence of heated groundwater that rises from the Earth’s crust because of the geothermal energy and disintegration of radio active elements. There is a spring with water above average ambient ground temperature. A natural spring is with water temperature above human body temperature normally between 36.5ºc  and 37.5ºc. (97.7ºF and 99.7ºF).Most hot springs discharge groundwater that is heated by shallow intrusions of magma (molten rock) in volcanic area.
                 Thermophilic (heat loving) micro-organisms are the cause of colouration in hot springs, which include certain types of bacteria, algae. Many thermophilic organisms grow in huge colonies called mats that form the colourful seems and slimes on the sides of hot springs. The micro organisms that grow in hot springs derive their energy from various chemicals and metals; potential energy sources include methane, molecular hydrogen, dissolved sulfides, iron, ammonia and arsenic. The sources of hot water are radioactive decay, geothermal gradient due to which the spring water sometimes became highly heated in which nobody can survive. In general, within the earth inner surface, the temperature of the rocks increase with depth. The rate of temperature increase with depth is known as geothermal gradient. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with hot rocks.Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest “seep” to variable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a geyser or fountain.
               A thermophile is an organism which is a type of extremophile that thrives at high temperature between 45 and 80C (113 and 176F). Thermophiles are found in hot springs as well as deep sea hydrothermal vents and decaying plant matter such as peat bogs and compost. In addition to geochemistry, the temperature and pH of hot springs play a central role in determining which organisms inhabit them.

1
Picture of hot spring
.














2

SOME OF THE MOST POPULAR HOT SPRINGS OF ODISHA
1.Atri of Khordha district
2.Taptapani of Ganjam district
3.Tarbalo of Nayagarh district
4.Deuljhari of Angul district
5.Boden of Nuapada district
6.Magarmuhan of Angul district
7.Bankhol of Bargarh district
                  Atri hot spring is located in Khordha district of Odisha (20º09’N 85º18’E) in eastern India. The hot spring takes its name from the village Atri where it is located and as per the revenue records it exits for many centuries. As this area is a low sesmic zone, there has been no change in its flow and existence.
                The main source of the spring at Atri has a circular tank, the temperature of which has been recorded to be at 57-58ºc, except the rainy season. The water from this tank is then channelized into cemented tank outlets to prevent stagnation where it is used for bathing. The outlet which carries the hot spring run off water, temperature of which is about 38ºc connects to a nearby rivulet, a branch of river Rananadi.The temperature of the confluence and immediate periphery remains about 36-38ºc.
PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:-Fish Pond In A Hot Spring Hotel, Fukuoka Stock Photo - Image of ...
                  The average water temperature remained high on the main tank and it gradually lowered down in the respective overflows. The highest average temp. of 56.1ºc was recorded from first overflow to third overflow (52.25ºc, 49.95ºc and 38.05ºc respectively).
                  The pH of water was alkaline in nature which decreased from 8.8 of main tank to 8.35 of third overflow. High pH value may be due to low water level and high photosynthesis of phytoplankton resulting in high production of free CO2 and approaching towards alkalinity.
                       Electrical conductivity was found to be good indicator of the water quality. In the present study average electrical conductivity varied from 675 to 1078 µs/cm and highest in 1st overflow during winter season.The average dissolved oxygen content showed a progressively increasing trend with decrease in temperature from main tank to 3rd overflow. Inorganic phosphate is a limiting factor for survival of various aquatic organisms. The inorganic phosphate concentration of the main tank water was found to be 0.16mg/ml, which is higher than the value reported earlier in 2013.The average chloride concentration of the confluence zone water was also found to be 0.17mg/ml, which is within the range prescribed for fisheries and aquaculture.
                  Increase in global temperature has been projected to lead to broader changes, including glacial net neat, arctic shrinkage and worldwide sea level rise. There has been undeniable evidence on how changing climate and global warming together have had profound effects on our planet as well as the ecosystem as a whole. Many disease and pathogens are strongly influenced by temperature, humidity and other climate variables. Besides all these climatic changes and effects, there are some fish and shell fish species found. These are constantly exposed to high temperature in the hot spring runoffs and can be ideal candidates for  searching  novel heat tolerance proteins, which could be helpful in thermal stress management in thsese animals.








4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
                             Hot spring is a place where warm or hot ground water issues from the earth on a regular basis for at least a predictable period and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature. The water issuing from a hot spring is heated by geothermal energy. The distinguishing features of these specialized habitats are their elevated temperature, depressed dissolved oxygen level and high radioactivity (Andrews, 1991; Edmunds and Miles, 1991). Extensive studies were carried on the diversity of plankton in thermal springs of U.S.A, Eastern and Western Europe, Japan, Israel, New Zealand, Africa, Germany, Thailand and Australia.
                           The state of Odisha in the eastern part of  India is endowed with a bounty of scenic and sublime natural spots of which one is the hot water sulphur spring. In Odsisha, seven thermal springs of Mahanadi geothermal provience have been located and studied till the date, but their detail characteristics are not available. Those are Atri, Tarabalo, Deuljhori, Magarmuhan, Bankhol, Taptapani and Boden.
                            Zooplanktons are the principal components of any water bodies; the tolerance limits of these organisms to diverse stresses assume tremendous relevance from the ecological standpoint. Zooplanktons are the primary consumer, critical to maintain aquatic food web foundations by being the second trophic level in most aquatic environments. They respond quickly to aquatic environmental changes(pH, colour, odour, taste etc) for their short life cycle and are therefore used as the indicators of overalllhealth and condition of their habitats.
                            Hot springs being specialized ecosystems where physio-chemical parameters vary greatly from other fresh water aquatic ecosystems, studies of zooplanktons in relation to physio-chemical parameters assume great significance.
                           Therefore in the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the diversity of zooplanktons of hot water spring of Atri with referance to physio-chemical parameters during  summer season.


5
Travel to the 5 Unique Hot Spring Destinations in India - Nativeplanet



METHODOLOGY
STUDY AREA:-
                  Atri (20º15´N and 85º30´E) is situated at a distance of 43 kms from Bhubaneswar, in eastern part of Odisha amidst paddy fields. It belongs to a small village in Baghamari situated in the district of Khurda. Atri has a circular main tank of 161´ diameter and 168´ depth (artificially constructed) from where gases escape from the bottom in the form of bubbles. It has a rocky bottom with water depth of 139´´. The water being extremely hot near by cemented bathing tanks called overflows (artificially constructed). These bathing tanks (bathing complex) were constructed by Odisha Tourism Department Corporation near the spring that allows the pilgrims to take bath indoors. The 1´´, 2´´ and 3´´ overflows are placed at 77´, 96´ and 334´ distance from the main tank with an area of 135´*135´,120´*120´ and 200´*200´ respectively. All the overflows have around 40´ of water height throughout the year and from these overflows water flow to the surrounding field.





6



RESULT
                             In atri hot spring, hot water (56-58ºC) comes from a circular tank. The outlet of this tank carries the hot water to two connected cisterns where it is used for bathing purpose by tourists. Then it is channelized into a larger cemented pool and from this cemented pool the water is channelized which finally drains into a rivulet, a branch of river Rananadi. The temperature of the confluence and immediate periphery remains about (36-38ºC). Interestingly, the experimental fishing shows that confluence zone harbours miscellaneous fish and shell fish species including the minor carps Puntius sophore and Cirrhinus reba (ocassionally), the murrel Channa striatus and shell fish species like prawns.








7
PUNTIUS SOPHORE
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Actinopterygii
Order- Cypriniformes
Famiy- Cyprinidae
Subfamily- Barbinae
Genus- Puntius
Species-  sophore
BINOMIAL NAME
Puntius sophore
                   The pool barb, spotfin swamp barb, or stigma barb (Puntius sophore) is a tropical freshwater and brackish fish belonging to the Puntius genus in the family Cyprinidae. It is native to inland waters in Asia and is found in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Afghanistan,Pakistan and Yunnan,China.                                                                                                           
                     This fish was originally named Cyprinus sophore by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1822, and is also referred to as Systomus sophore, and Barbus sophore.
SIZE:-
                       It reaches an adult size of 18 cm. (7 in) and a weight of 70 grams (2.5 oz). The first maturity of female occurs at 4.7 cm. At the population level, size at 50% maturity (LM50) is 8.6-9.0 cm.
HABITAT:-
                      Its native habitat is rivers, streams, and ponds in plains and submontane regions. It is a plentiful shoaling fish.
BREEDING:-
                       Pool barbs naturally breed within a temperature range 20–30 °C and >50 mm rainfall. The threshold gonadosomatic index (GSI) for breeding is 10.5 units in females. Females also need to attain a body fitness (Fulton's condition factor) of at least 1.6-1.7 units for successful spawning decision.






9
CIRRHINUS REBA
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Actinopterygii
Order- Cypriniformes
Famiy- Cyprinidae
Subfamily- Labeoninae
Genus- Cirrhinus
Species-  reba
BINOMIAL NAME
Cirrhinus reba


10
                               Cirrhinus reba is a commercially important freshwater minor carp species if Indian subcontient. It belongs to the family cyprinidae under the order cypriniformes. It is a popular table fish as having high nutritional value with good amount of protein, calcium and low fatty acid content. Even the protein, fat and carbohydrate calories of reba are relatively higher than those in the Indian major carps.Its flesh contains not much bone and has a good flavour. It is an important target species for small and large scale fishers of Bangladesh who use different types of traditional fishing gears such as conical trap, square lift net and cast net to collect it.Due to the presence of hexagonal scales over its body surface, it has an attractive appearance and recently has also been documented to be exported from India as indigenous ornamental fish to other countries.
IDENTIFICATION
                    Body is slender, the dorsal profile is slightly more convex than the ventral profile.Mouth is terminal. Snout is slightly projecting, more distinctly in the immature fishes.Lips are fleshy, upper lip is fringed in the young, sometimes entire in the adult.A thin cartilaginous layer is present which is covering the lower jaw.Barbels are one pair in number, rostal pair is short and stiff. Scales are cycloid and hexagonal in shape.
                     Single short medium dorsal fin with articulated rays originates slightly anterior to the pelvic bone.Body is silvery in colour, scales are darkest at their edges, forming bluish longitudinal bands above the lateral line. Young is often with a leaden coloured lateral band.
HABITAT
                       Cirrhinus reba is used to inhabitat rivers, reservoirs and streams but is also found in lakes, tanks, pomds, canals,beels, and inundated fields.Though temperature is a limiting factor for natural inhabitance of this species, it has been reported to tolerate very low temperature of the hill streams during winter months when temperature comes down to 8ºC or even less. It is a bottom dweller and prefers to be in the deeper water. They often wonder at all regions of the waterbody, especially for the purpose of feeding and breeding. The fry and fingerlings are used to move along the surface and column waters.
11
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
                 Male and female of Cirrhinus reba can be differentiated easily observing the external sexual characters developed in the course of maturation and during breeding season as follows:- 
                  In males scales on the flanks, nape and anterior dorsal side of pectoral fins at the base is rough, the pectoral fins at the base is rough, the pectoral fins are slightly stouter and longer while in female they are slightly smaller; males are having stout abdomen with elongated, introvert and whitish vent, on slight pressure on the abdomen prior to vent milt oozes out while females are having bulging abdomen with extrovert, fleshy, round and pinkish vent, on slight pressure eggs come out.
                  In Cirrhinus reba, males used to attain maturity earlier than females. Cirrhinus reba has been reported as a high fecund fish.
                 The breeding season of this fish species extends from May to July in Assam and June to August with a peak in West bengal.
                  Role of temperature  and rain fall as influencing agents on breeding of Cirrhinus reba has already been reported.
                  Due to its good demand among the consumers and initial quick growth, Cirrhinus reba has been reported to have the potential to be a candidate species for artificial culture in ponds along with Indian major carps. The potential value of its culture in ponds by co-stocking with Indian major carps has also been earlier reported by Job. Chondar has reported that though Cirrhinus reba used to attain full maturity in ponds but doesnot spawn there; so captive breeding is the only measure to be followed to solve this problem. Already some researchers have successfully tried to breed this fish species in captivity.
                  On the other hand, success in captive breeding depends on the availability of proper knowledge on feeding and breeding biology of the particular fish species and in this regard, ample information is available on both these two aspects for this fish species.

12
CHANNA STRIATUS
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Actinopterygii
Order- Anabantiformes
Famiy- Channidae
Genus- Channa
Species- striata
BINOMIAL NAME
Channa striata

                              

13
                      Channa striata, the striped snakehead, is a species of snakehead fish. It is also known as the common snakehead, chevron snakehead, or snakehead murrel and generally referred simply as mudfish. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to some Pacific Islands (reports from Madagascar and Hawaii are misidentifications of C. maculata).
·        It grows up to a meter in length, though because of fishing, this size is rarely found in the wild. It has a widespread range covering southern China, Pakistan, most of India, southern Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and most of Southeast Asia.
·        It is an important food fish in its entire native range, and is of considerable economic importance. Adults are dark brown in colour with faint black bands visible across its entire body. Males and females both help to construct a nest out of water vegetation during breeding time. Eggs are guarded by both parents. Fry are reddish orange and are guarded by both parents until they turn greenish brown at around 5–6 cm.
·        It is common in freshwater plains, where it migrates from rivers and lakes into flooded fields, returning to the permanent water bodies in the dry season, where it survives by burrowing in the mud.
·        It preys on frogs, water bugs, and smaller fish, and it will attack anything moving when breeding.







14
PRAWN
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Arthropoda
Subphylum- Crustacea
Class- Malacostraca
Order- Decapoda
Suborder- Dendrobranchiata
Famiy- Penaeidae
Genus- Penaeus
Species- monodon
BINOMIAL NAME
Penaeus monodon

15


                    Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs (which is a member of the order decapoda), some of which can be eaten.
                   The term prawn is used particularly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Commonwealth nations, for large swimming crustaceans or shrimp, especially those with commercial significance in the fishing industry. Shrimp that are present in this category often belong to the suborder Dendrobranchiata. In North America, the term is used less frequently, typically for freshwater shrimp. The terms shrimp and prawn themselves lack scientific standing. Over the years, the way shrimp and prawn are used has changed, and these days, the terms are almost interchangeable.

















16




DISCUSSION
                      Water body is an ecosystem with a network of various physio-chemical parameters and its biota.The physio-chemical parameters and plankton communities together form a comprehensive ecosystem.These interactions are directly or indirectly subjected to the complex influences, some of which results in quantitative changes, e.g. increase or decrease of size of the population.Temperature plays an important role for phutoplankton population.Late winter and spring was the most favourable season for biological production and biotic reproduction. Actual population of zooplanktons increases during this period.At lower pH the species ability to maintain its salt balance is affected and reproduction ceases.Alkalinity showed significant positive correlation with zooplankton diversity suggested that high value of total alkalinity coinciding with the high planktonic yield.DO is the most important chemical parameter for zooplanktons. The amount of oxygen that could be dissolved in water decreases at higher temperatures.High amounts of chlorides were observed in all the springs. Issel (1908) was one of the first to mention that animals of thermal springs have been derived from salt water lagoons and estuaries.The present day fauna of hot springs possess adaptations to cope with both high temperature and high salinty encountered in their environment.






17

CONCLUSION

                                  The high water temperature, high chloride, sulphate and traces of phosphate of spring water will encourage future research related to physio-chemical parameters and geothermal energy and studies related to diversity and distribution of planktonic  organisms in thermal spring of Atri.
                                   Investigation on fishes constantly exposed to thermal stress. Experimental fishing at the confluence zone showed presence of miscellaneous fish and shellfish species including the minor carps Puntius sophore and Cirrhinus reba, the murrel Channa striatus and prawns. Investigations on the heat shock protein, gene expression profile, amino acid composition in Puntius sophore and Channa striatus collected  from the hot spring run off has been carried out preliminary findings look exciting. Puntius sophore belongs to the family cyprinidae is available almost round the year in Atri. The complete blue print of the genome of Dano rerio available would fasciliate for molecular studies on its cousin Puntius sophore for understanding thermal accilimation and adaptation to high temperature.









18
                                                            19                                                        
REFERENCE
1)      Abraham,R. (2011). “Puntius sophore”. IUCN Red List of threatened species. IUCN-2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
2)      Afroz H. begum M (2014) Analysis of nutritional value and mineral contents of three different parts of body of Cirrhinus reba. Inter J Sci Eng Res 5: 2301-2306.
3)      Chaudhary, s. (2010). “Channa striata” IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN 2010.
4)      Chondar SL (1999) Biology of finfish and shellfish. SCSC Publishers, India.
5)      Das A, Palita SK and patra HK (2013). Physio-chemical analysis of thermal springs of Atri in the districts of Khordha, Odisha, India. International journal of chemical sciences and applications 4(2) 97-104.
6)      Das A, Palita SK and patra HK, diversity of zooplankton in Hot water spring of Atri, odisha, India. International journal of Environmental science and technology 1(2) 111-119.
7)      Froese, Rainer, Panly, Daniel. Eds. (2019). “Channa striata” in fishbase. August 2019 version.
8)       Froese, Rainer, Panly, Daniel. Eds. (2006). “Puntius sophore” in fishbase. February 2006 version.
9)      Guha, S.K. (1986) Status of exploration for geothermal resources in India. Geothermics 15,665-675.
10)  Gupta M.L., Narain H. and safena, V.K. (1975). Geochemistry of thermal water from various geothermal provience of India. Proc. Of the grenoble symp,119.
11)  Gupta S. (1975). Some observations on the biology of “Cirrhinus reba” (cuvier).
14)  IN HOT WATER: FOR THE LOVE OF NEW MEXICO HOT SPRINGS AND MINERALS BATHS. Sanfate.com.retrified 30 november 2019.
15)  Nathaniel altman. Healing springs: the ultimate guide to taking the waters. 2000.
16)  Pandey O.P and Negi J.G. (1995) Geothermal fields of India: a latest update. Proc.world Geothermal Congress, Florence, Italy,1995, PP.163-171.
17)  “Prawn”- Cambridge Dictionary. Retrived November 27, 2016.
18)  Prawn online Etymology Dictionary, Retrived 5 august 2012.
19)  The editors of Encyclopedia Britannica; Hot spring, Geology.
20)  “USA hot springs” . acne.com.
21)  USGS, south east Ecological science center: Channa striata- retrived 27, June 2014.
22)  Yadav RP(2012). Searching for Biomarkers for Aquired Thermotolerance in a tropical fish collected from a hot spring. M.sc (biotechnology) Thesis, KIIT university, Bhubaneswar.

                                                                                                                                                 












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