fish and shell fish fauna in runoff water of atri hot spring final year project graduation student
Fish And Shell Fish Fauna in Runoff Water of
Atri Hot Spring
A
Dissertation
submitted to Prananath College(Autonomous),Khordha for the fulfillment of Bachelor
of Science Degree In Zoology
By
Swaraj Sahil Martha
Final Degree
Zoology(Hons.)
DEDICATED
TO
MY
FAMILY
Debi
Prasad Pattanaik,M.Sc,M.Phil
Reader,
Dept.of Zoology
P.N.College(Auto),
Khordha
CERTIFICATE
This dissertation
entitled “Fish and Shell Fish Fauna in Runoff Water of Atri Hot Spring”
is a record of independent bonafied research work carried out by Miss Swaraj
Sahil Martha during the period of Final Year Degree Hons.-2020 under my
supervision and guidance for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Zoology and that the dissertation has not previously formed the
basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma of any other similar title.
I recommend this research
work for submission to Prananath
College(Auto),Khordha for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Zoology certificate.
(Debi Prasad Pattanaik)
Guide
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that
the Bachelor of Science Degree in Zoology dissertation thesis entitled “Fish
and Shell Fish Fauna in Runoff Water of Atri Hot Spring”submitted for
B.Sc(H) Degree (2020) in Zoology of Utkal University is an authentic research
work carried out by me under the supervisions of Prof.Debi Prasad Pattanaik, Reader,
Prananath College(Auto).Khordha No part thereof has been presented for the
award of any Degree, Diploma of any other similar title.
Swaraj Sahil Martha
Final Year Degree (Zoology Hons.)
Roll No: - 5903U17058
Prananath College (Auto.),Khordha
SL.NO.
|
CHAPTER
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PAGE NO.
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1.
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
|
I
|
2.
|
INTRODUCTION
|
1-4
|
3.
|
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
|
5
|
4.
|
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
|
6
|
5.
|
RESULTS
|
7-16
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6.
|
DISCUSSION
|
17
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7.
|
CONCLUSION
|
18
|
8.
|
REFERENCE
|
19-20
|
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Towards the end of
this great voyage, in the quest of knowledge and wisdom, which marks the
beginning of a new horizon, it gives me an insurmountable pleasure to mention
all of them who planted and nortured the spirit of faith and hope in
accomplishing this task.
I am extremely rejoiced to express my
heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to Prof. Debi Prasad Pattanaik,Reader,
Department of Zoology, Prananath College(Autonomous), Khordha, without whose
support, knowledge and inspiration this study would have been impossible.
Last but not the
least, I would like to thank all my friends and well wishers for being a
constant source of encouragement and for standing with me in the light and
shade of study.
(Swaraj
Sahil Martha)
I
INTRODUCTION
A hot spring is produced by
the emergence of heated groundwater that rises from the Earth’s crust because
of the geothermal energy and disintegration of radio active elements. There is
a spring with water above average ambient ground temperature. A natural spring
is with water temperature above human body temperature normally between 36.5ºc and 37.5ºc. (97.7ºF and 99.7ºF).Most hot
springs discharge groundwater that is heated by shallow intrusions of magma
(molten rock) in volcanic area.
Thermophilic (heat loving)
micro-organisms are the cause of colouration in hot springs, which include
certain types of bacteria, algae. Many thermophilic organisms grow in huge
colonies called mats that form the colourful seems and slimes on the sides of
hot springs. The micro organisms that grow in hot springs derive their energy
from various chemicals and metals; potential energy sources include methane,
molecular hydrogen, dissolved sulfides, iron, ammonia and arsenic.
The
sources of hot water are radioactive decay, geothermal gradient due to which
the spring water sometimes became highly heated in which nobody can survive. In
general, within the earth inner surface, the temperature of the rocks increase
with depth. The rate of temperature increase with depth is known as geothermal
gradient. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated
as it comes into contact with hot rocks.Hot springs range in flow rate from the
tiniest “seep” to variable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough
pressure that the water shoots upward in a geyser or fountain.
A thermophile is an organism
which is a type of extremophile that thrives at high temperature between 45 and
80C (113 and 176F). Thermophiles are found in hot springs as well as deep sea
hydrothermal vents and decaying plant matter such as peat bogs and compost. In
addition to geochemistry, the temperature and pH of hot springs play a central
role in determining which organisms inhabit them.
1
Picture
of hot spring
.
2
SOME OF THE MOST
POPULAR HOT SPRINGS OF ODISHA
1.Atri of Khordha district
2.Taptapani of Ganjam district
3.Tarbalo of Nayagarh district
4.Deuljhari of Angul district
5.Boden of Nuapada district
6.Magarmuhan of Angul district
7.Bankhol of Bargarh district
Atri hot spring is located in
Khordha district of Odisha (20º09’N 85º18’E) in eastern India. The hot spring
takes its name from the village Atri where it is located and as per the revenue
records it exits for many centuries. As this area is a low sesmic zone, there
has been no change in its flow and existence.
The main source of the spring
at Atri has a circular tank, the temperature of which has been recorded to be
at 57-58ºc, except the rainy season. The water from this tank is then
channelized into cemented tank outlets to prevent stagnation where it is used
for bathing. The outlet which carries the hot spring run off water, temperature
of which is about 38ºc connects to a nearby rivulet, a branch of river Rananadi.The
temperature of the confluence and immediate periphery remains about 36-38ºc.
PHYSIO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES:-
The average water temperature
remained high on the main tank and it gradually lowered down in the respective
overflows. The highest average temp. of 56.1ºc was recorded from first overflow
to third overflow (52.25ºc, 49.95ºc and 38.05ºc respectively).
The pH of water was alkaline
in nature which decreased from 8.8 of main tank to 8.35 of third overflow. High
pH value may be due to low water level and high photosynthesis of phytoplankton
resulting
in high production of free CO2 and approaching towards alkalinity.
Electrical conductivity was found to be
good indicator of the water quality. In the present study average electrical
conductivity varied from 675 to 1078 µs/cm and highest in 1st
overflow during winter season.The average dissolved oxygen content showed a
progressively increasing trend with decrease in temperature from main tank to 3rd
overflow. Inorganic phosphate is a limiting factor for survival of various
aquatic organisms. The inorganic phosphate concentration of the main tank water
was found to be 0.16mg/ml, which is higher than the value reported earlier in 2013.The
average chloride concentration of the confluence zone water was also found to
be 0.17mg/ml, which is within the range prescribed for fisheries and
aquaculture.
Increase in global
temperature has been projected to lead to broader changes, including glacial
net neat, arctic shrinkage and worldwide sea level rise. There has been
undeniable evidence on how changing climate and global warming together have
had profound effects on our planet as well as the ecosystem as a whole. Many
disease and pathogens are strongly influenced by temperature, humidity and
other climate variables. Besides all these climatic changes and effects, there
are some fish and shell fish species found. These are constantly exposed to
high temperature in the hot spring runoffs and can be ideal candidates
for
searching novel heat tolerance proteins, which could be
helpful in thermal stress management in thsese animals.
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Hot spring is a
place where warm or hot ground water issues from the earth on a regular basis
for at least a predictable period and is significantly above the ambient ground
temperature. The water issuing from a hot spring is heated by geothermal
energy. The distinguishing features of these specialized habitats are their
elevated temperature, depressed dissolved oxygen level and high radioactivity
(Andrews, 1991; Edmunds and Miles, 1991). Extensive studies were carried on the
diversity of plankton in thermal springs of U.S.A, Eastern and Western Europe,
Japan, Israel, New Zealand, Africa, Germany, Thailand and Australia.
The state of Odisha
in the eastern part of India is endowed
with a bounty of scenic and sublime natural spots of which one is the hot water
sulphur spring. In Odsisha, seven thermal springs of Mahanadi geothermal
provience have been located and studied till the date, but their detail
characteristics are not available. Those are Atri, Tarabalo, Deuljhori,
Magarmuhan, Bankhol, Taptapani and Boden.
Zooplanktons are
the principal components of any water bodies; the tolerance limits of these
organisms to diverse stresses assume tremendous relevance from the ecological
standpoint. Zooplanktons are the primary consumer, critical to maintain aquatic
food web foundations by being the second
trophic level in most aquatic environments. They respond quickly to aquatic
environmental changes(pH, colour, odour, taste etc) for their short life cycle
and are therefore used as the indicators of overalllhealth and condition of
their habitats.
Hot springs being
specialized ecosystems where physio-chemical parameters vary greatly from other
fresh water aquatic ecosystems, studies of zooplanktons in relation to
physio-chemical parameters assume great significance.
Therefore in the
present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the diversity of
zooplanktons of hot water spring of Atri with referance to physio-chemical
parameters during summer season.
5
METHODOLOGY
STUDY
AREA:-
Atri (20º15´N and 85º30´E) is
situated at a distance of 43 kms from Bhubaneswar, in eastern part of Odisha
amidst paddy fields. It belongs to a small village in Baghamari situated in the
district of Khurda. Atri has a circular main tank of 161´ diameter and 168´
depth (artificially constructed) from where gases escape from the bottom in the
form of bubbles. It has a rocky bottom with water depth of 139´´. The water
being extremely hot near by cemented bathing tanks called overflows
(artificially constructed). These bathing tanks (bathing complex) were
constructed by Odisha Tourism Department Corporation near the spring that
allows the pilgrims to take bath indoors. The 1´´, 2´´ and 3´´ overflows are
placed at 77´, 96´ and 334´ distance from the main tank with an area of 135´*135´,120´*120´
and 200´*200´ respectively. All the overflows have around 40´ of water height
throughout the year and from these overflows water flow to the surrounding
field.
6
RESULT
In atri hot
spring, hot water (56-58ºC) comes from a circular tank. The outlet of this tank
carries the hot water to two connected cisterns where it is used for bathing
purpose by tourists. Then it is channelized into a larger cemented pool and
from this cemented pool the water is channelized which finally drains into a
rivulet, a branch of river Rananadi. The temperature of the confluence and
immediate periphery remains about (36-38ºC). Interestingly, the experimental
fishing shows that confluence zone harbours miscellaneous fish and shell fish
species including the minor carps Puntius
sophore and Cirrhinus reba
(ocassionally), the murrel Channa
striatus and shell fish species like prawns.
7
PUNTIUS
SOPHORE
SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom-
Animalia
Phylum-
Chordata
Class-
Actinopterygii
Order-
Cypriniformes
Famiy-
Cyprinidae
Subfamily-
Barbinae
Genus-
Puntius
Species-
sophore
BINOMIAL
NAME
Puntius sophore
The pool barb, spotfin swamp barb, or stigma
barb (Puntius sophore) is a tropical
freshwater
and brackish
fish
belonging to the Puntius
genus in the family Cyprinidae. It is native to
inland waters in Asia and is found in India,
Nepal,
Bangladesh,
Myanmar,
Bhutan,
Afghanistan,Pakistan
and Yunnan,China.
This fish was originally
named Cyprinus sophore by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
in 1822, and is also referred to as Systomus
sophore, and Barbus sophore.
SIZE:-
It reaches an adult size
of 18 cm. (7 in) and a weight of 70 grams (2.5 oz). The first
maturity of female occurs at 4.7 cm. At the population level, size at 50%
maturity (LM50) is 8.6-9.0 cm.
HABITAT:-
Its native habitat is
rivers, streams, and ponds in plains and submontane regions. It is a plentiful
shoaling fish.
BREEDING:-
Pool barbs naturally
breed within a temperature range 20–30 °C and >50 mm rainfall. The threshold
gonadosomatic index (GSI) for breeding is 10.5 units in females. Females also
need to attain a body fitness (Fulton's condition factor) of at least 1.6-1.7
units for successful spawning decision.
9
CIRRHINUS REBA
SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom-
Animalia
Phylum-
Chordata
Class-
Actinopterygii
Order-
Cypriniformes
Famiy-
Cyprinidae
Subfamily-
Labeoninae
Genus-
Cirrhinus
Species-
reba
BINOMIAL NAME
Cirrhinus reba
10
Cirrhinus reba
is a commercially important freshwater minor carp species if Indian
subcontient. It belongs to the family cyprinidae under the order cypriniformes.
It is a popular table fish as having high nutritional value with good amount of
protein, calcium and low fatty acid content. Even the protein, fat and
carbohydrate calories of reba are relatively higher than those in the Indian
major carps.Its flesh contains not much bone and has a good flavour. It is an
important target species for small and large scale fishers of Bangladesh who
use different types of traditional fishing gears such as conical trap, square
lift net and cast net to collect it.Due to the presence of hexagonal scales
over its body surface, it has an attractive appearance and recently has also
been documented to be exported from India as indigenous ornamental fish to
other countries.
IDENTIFICATION
Body is slender, the dorsal
profile is slightly more convex than the ventral profile.Mouth is terminal.
Snout is slightly projecting, more distinctly in the immature fishes.Lips are
fleshy, upper lip is fringed in the young, sometimes entire in the adult.A thin
cartilaginous layer is present which is covering the lower jaw.Barbels are one
pair in number, rostal pair is short and stiff. Scales are cycloid and
hexagonal in shape.
Single short medium dorsal
fin with articulated rays originates slightly anterior to the pelvic bone.Body
is silvery in colour, scales are darkest at their edges, forming bluish
longitudinal bands above the lateral line. Young is often with a leaden
coloured lateral band.
HABITAT
Cirrhinus reba
is used to inhabitat rivers, reservoirs and streams but is also found in lakes,
tanks, pomds, canals,beels, and inundated fields.Though temperature is a
limiting factor for natural inhabitance of this species, it has been reported
to tolerate very low temperature of the hill streams during winter months when
temperature comes down to 8ºC or even less. It is a bottom dweller and prefers
to be in the deeper water. They often wonder at all regions of the waterbody,
especially for the purpose of feeding and breeding. The fry and fingerlings are
used to move along the surface and column waters.
11
REPRODUCTIVE
BIOLOGY
Male and female of Cirrhinus reba can be differentiated
easily observing the external sexual characters developed in the course of
maturation and during breeding season as follows:-
In males scales on the
flanks, nape and anterior dorsal side of pectoral fins at the base is rough,
the pectoral fins at the base is rough, the pectoral fins are slightly stouter
and longer while in female they are slightly smaller; males are having stout
abdomen with elongated, introvert and whitish vent, on slight pressure on the
abdomen prior to vent milt oozes out while females are having bulging abdomen
with extrovert, fleshy, round and pinkish vent, on slight pressure eggs come
out.
In Cirrhinus reba, males used to attain maturity earlier than females.
Cirrhinus reba has been reported as a
high fecund fish.
The breeding season of this
fish species extends from May to July in Assam and June to August with a peak
in West bengal.
Role of temperature and rain fall as influencing agents on
breeding of Cirrhinus reba has already been reported.
Due to its good demand among the consumers and
initial quick growth, Cirrhinus reba
has been reported to have the potential to be a candidate species for
artificial culture in ponds along with Indian major carps. The potential value
of its culture in ponds by co-stocking with Indian major carps has also been
earlier reported by Job. Chondar has reported that though Cirrhinus reba used to attain full maturity in ponds but doesnot
spawn there; so captive breeding is the only measure to be followed to solve
this problem. Already some researchers have successfully tried to breed this
fish species in captivity.
On the other hand, success in captive breeding
depends on the availability of proper knowledge on feeding and breeding biology
of the particular fish species and in this regard, ample information is
available on both these two aspects for this fish species.
12
CHANNA
STRIATUS
SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom-
Animalia
Phylum-
Chordata
Class-
Actinopterygii
Order-
Anabantiformes
Famiy-
Channidae
Genus-
Channa
Species-
striata
BINOMIAL NAME
Channa striata
13
Channa striata,
the striped snakehead, is a species of snakehead
fish. It is also known as the common snakehead, chevron snakehead, or snakehead
murrel and generally referred simply as mudfish. It is native to South
and Southeast Asia,
and has been introduced to some Pacific
Islands (reports from Madagascar
and Hawaii
are misidentifications of C. maculata).
·
It grows up to a meter in length, though
because of fishing, this size is rarely found in the wild. It has a widespread
range covering southern China,
Pakistan,
most of India,
southern Nepal,
Bangladesh,
Sri
Lanka, and most of Southeast
Asia.
·
It is an important food fish in its
entire native range, and is of considerable economic importance. Adults are
dark brown in colour with faint black bands visible across its entire body.
Males and females both help to construct a nest out of water vegetation during
breeding time. Eggs are guarded by both parents. Fry are reddish orange and are
guarded by both parents until they turn greenish brown at around 5–6 cm.
·
It is common in freshwater plains, where
it migrates from rivers and lakes into flooded fields, returning to the
permanent water bodies in the dry season, where it survives by burrowing in the
mud.
·
It preys on frogs, water bugs, and
smaller fish, and it will attack anything moving when breeding.
14
PRAWN
SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom-
Animalia
Phylum-
Arthropoda
Subphylum-
Crustacea
Class-
Malacostraca
Order-
Decapoda
Suborder-
Dendrobranchiata
Famiy-
Penaeidae
Genus-
Penaeus
Species-
monodon
BINOMIAL
NAME
Penaeus monodon
15
Prawn
is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans
with an exoskeleton and ten legs (which is
a member of the order decapoda),
some of which can be eaten.
The term prawn is used
particularly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Commonwealth
nations, for large swimming crustaceans or shrimp,
especially those with commercial significance in the fishing
industry. Shrimp that are present in this category often
belong to the suborder Dendrobranchiata.
In North America, the term is used less frequently, typically for freshwater
shrimp. The terms shrimp and prawn themselves lack scientific standing. Over
the years, the way shrimp and prawn are used has changed, and these days, the
terms are almost interchangeable.
16
DISCUSSION
Water body is an
ecosystem with a network of various physio-chemical parameters and its
biota.The physio-chemical parameters and plankton communities together form a
comprehensive ecosystem.These interactions are directly or indirectly subjected
to the complex influences, some of which results in quantitative changes, e.g.
increase or decrease of size of the population.Temperature plays an important
role for phutoplankton population.Late winter and spring was the most
favourable season for biological production and biotic reproduction. Actual
population of zooplanktons increases during this period.At lower pH the species
ability to maintain its salt balance is affected and reproduction
ceases.Alkalinity showed significant positive correlation with zooplankton
diversity suggested that high value of total alkalinity coinciding with the
high planktonic yield.DO is the most important chemical parameter for
zooplanktons. The amount of oxygen that could be dissolved in water decreases
at higher temperatures.High amounts of chlorides were observed in all the
springs. Issel (1908) was one of the first to mention that animals of thermal
springs have been derived from salt water lagoons and estuaries.The present day
fauna of hot springs possess adaptations to cope with both high temperature and
high salinty encountered in their environment.
17
CONCLUSION
The high water
temperature, high chloride, sulphate and traces of phosphate of spring water
will encourage future research related to physio-chemical parameters and
geothermal energy and studies related to diversity and distribution of
planktonic organisms in thermal spring
of Atri.
Investigation
on fishes constantly exposed to thermal stress. Experimental fishing at the
confluence zone showed presence of miscellaneous fish and shellfish species
including the minor carps Puntius sophore
and Cirrhinus reba, the murrel Channa striatus and prawns.
Investigations on the heat shock protein, gene expression profile, amino acid
composition in Puntius sophore and Channa striatus collected from the hot spring run off has been carried
out preliminary findings look exciting. Puntius
sophore belongs to the family cyprinidae is available almost round the year
in Atri. The complete blue print of the genome of Dano rerio available would
fasciliate for molecular studies on its cousin Puntius sophore for understanding thermal accilimation and
adaptation to high temperature.
18
19
REFERENCE
1) Abraham,R.
(2011). “Puntius sophore”. IUCN Red List of threatened species. IUCN-2011.
Retrieved 25 March 2013.
2) Afroz
H. begum M (2014) Analysis of nutritional value and mineral contents of three
different parts of body of Cirrhinus reba. Inter J Sci Eng Res 5: 2301-2306.
3) Chaudhary,
s. (2010). “Channa striata” IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN 2010.
4) Chondar
SL (1999) Biology of finfish and shellfish. SCSC Publishers, India.
5) Das
A, Palita SK and patra HK (2013). Physio-chemical analysis of thermal springs
of Atri in the districts of Khordha, Odisha, India. International journal of
chemical sciences and applications 4(2) 97-104.
6) Das
A, Palita SK and patra HK, diversity of zooplankton in Hot water spring of
Atri, odisha, India. International journal of Environmental science and technology
1(2) 111-119.
7) Froese,
Rainer, Panly, Daniel. Eds. (2019). “Channa striata” in fishbase. August 2019
version.
8) Froese, Rainer, Panly, Daniel. Eds. (2006).
“Puntius sophore” in fishbase. February 2006 version.
9) Guha,
S.K. (1986) Status of exploration for geothermal resources in India.
Geothermics 15,665-675.
10) Gupta
M.L., Narain H. and safena, V.K. (1975). Geochemistry of thermal water from
various geothermal provience of India. Proc. Of the grenoble symp,119.
11) Gupta
S. (1975). Some observations on the biology of “Cirrhinus reba” (cuvier).
14) IN
HOT WATER: FOR THE LOVE OF NEW MEXICO HOT SPRINGS AND MINERALS BATHS.
Sanfate.com.retrified 30 november 2019.
15) Nathaniel
altman. Healing springs: the ultimate guide to taking the waters. 2000.
16) Pandey
O.P and Negi J.G. (1995) Geothermal fields of India: a latest update.
Proc.world Geothermal Congress, Florence, Italy,1995, PP.163-171.
17) “Prawn”-
Cambridge Dictionary. Retrived November 27, 2016.
18) Prawn
online Etymology Dictionary, Retrived 5 august 2012.
19) The
editors of Encyclopedia Britannica; Hot spring, Geology.
20) “USA
hot springs” . acne.com.
21) USGS,
south east Ecological science center: Channa striata- retrived 27, June 2014.
22) Yadav
RP(2012). Searching for Biomarkers for Aquired Thermotolerance in a tropical
fish collected from a hot spring. M.sc (biotechnology) Thesis, KIIT university,
Bhubaneswar.
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