biology notes class

5 Stages in Life cycle of Puccinia Kingdom:  Fungi Phylum:  Basidiomycota Class:  Pucciniomycetes Order:  Pucciniales Family:  Pucciniaceae Genus:  Puccinia (according to the latest classification system) P. graminis   is an obligate parasite, and heteroecious rust. P. graminis   causes black rust of wheat Heteroecious fungus:  Life cycle is completed on two different hosts. The wheat plant is called the primary host where dikaryophase is completed and the barberry plant is secondary or alternate host where haplophase is completed. Both hosts are required to complete the life cycle. Puccinia life cycle summarized in five stages Life cycle in Wheat •  Wheat is the primary host upon which dikaryophase of the pathogen is completed •  This phase consists of well developed branched, septate, dikaryotic vegetative mycelium and two spore stages namely, uridenial stage and telial stage. Stage I in Wheat:   Aecidiospores germinates on wheat;

VIRUS   REPLICATION   IN   BACTERIOPHAGE - Virus are cellul ar , non- cytoplasmic obligate parasite. - Dmitri lvanovsky 1892 1 st   discover virous. TYPES OF VIRUS--- - Their are 3 types, 1.Animal virus 2. Plant virus 3. Bacteriophage 1. ANIMAL VIRUS - The virus which infect and live inside the animal cell ,including man are called as animal virus . - Their genetic material is RNA or DNA. EX- influenza virus , rabies cirus etc. 2. PLANT VIRUS - The virus thats infects the plant are called as plant virus . - The genetic material is RNA, but it remains present in protin cort. EX- tobacco amsic virus , potato virus etc. 3. BACTERIOPHAGE -The virus which infect the bacterial cell is called as bacteriophage . -The genetic material DNA. REPLICATION    IN   BACTERIOPHAGE - The replication in bacteriophage is 2 types name as, A. LYTIC CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGE - Lytic cycle complited in following 6 following steps, 1. AB

BACTERIA   CELL   RECOBINATION - Bacteria is a prokaryotic cells and unicellular. - Bacteria is a single celled organism , visible only through a microscope. - Bacteria lack a true nucleous. - Bacteria belongs to kingdom monera , present every where ( air,water , soil) etc. STRUCTURE -The size of bacteria is 1 Mium – 5 Mium in length. - The shape of the bacteria is 4 types. 1. COCOUS - It is a sperical and unicellular. - Bacteria arrenged may be in chain or group. EX- Diplococous and Tetracocous   etc. 2. BACILLUS -It is a rod shaped. EX- Bacillus, Diplobaciluus and streptobacillus. 3. COMMA   -  Shape ( which are little ) beat curved one end. 4. SPIRILLUM   - sprilling shape. FLAGELLA -It is a long filamentous structure locoted just inside the cell wall. - Flagella divided 3 parts. a. Main fillament – is   made up of protins called flagellin. b. Hook - is the structure which penetrate the cell wall. c. Basal grannulls – it consist

STRUCTURE     OF     HEART -Heart is the hallow moscular and redis brown in colour. - Heart is located in thorascic cavity in between two lungs. - Two- thrid of the heart is located to the left of the mid line of the body and one- third is located to the right. -The size of heart is a enclosed in own fist. - Heart is about 12 cm in length , 8-9cm   in width and   6cm thikness. - The weight about human heart 250-300gms. - Heart is made up of cardiac – muscles. LAYERS   OF   THE   HEART   WALL - E xternaly the heart is covered by membranous sac called pericadium. - The wall of the heart is made up of 3 layers tissue, * The outer layer of the heart wall is epicardium . *The middle layer of the heart wall is myocaedium . * The inner layer of the heart wall is endocardium . - The inner and outer two layer enclosed a coelom called as pericardial cavity . - This cavity is field with a fluid called as pericardial fluid. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART

THALLUS    ORGANISATION    IN    FUNGI - Thallus is a plant body that is not differentiate into stream , leaves , lock true roots and a vascular system. - Thallus are two meassue type of fungi,           1. Non mycellia thallus           2. Mycellia thallus 1 . NON   MYCELLIA   THALLUS - Non mycellia fungi are basicaly unicellular with a true   cellwall. - In some cases unicelluar thallus producing bud cell. - These bud cell may remain attached one another such as chain of bud cell is refer to as pseudo-mycellium. 2. MYCELLIUM - It is a true fungi. - The thallus filaments is composed of hyphae. - Loosely arrenged hyphae are collectively known as mycelium. - These are 2 types of hyphae  in the mycellial fungi,          a. Non septated hyphae          b. Septate hyphae a . NON SEPTED HYPHEA - Hyphae is a long tubular structure. - Hyphae is divided by cross wall called septa. - Non septate hypae are most charecteristic of zygomycota and oo

STRUCTURE   OF PERIPATUS   AND   AFFINITY - Peripatus is a soft bodied worm like , bilaterally symetrical animal. - It shows tracheal mode of respiration. - It is grouped in phylum arthropoda and class onychophora. - Class onychophora inclodes primitive (old) worm like arthropods. - Peripatus connecting like bewteen arhropoda and annelids. - Peripatus seen in neotropical regions like west indies, america, congo and australia etc. - It is the terrestrial animal. - It lives under stones and back ( tree outer layer) of tree and in shady place. - It is nocturnal in habit. ( night standing animal) - During day time it remains in the dark place. - In night time it come out and collect food. - In feeds on small insects , worms etc.   EXTERNAL CHARECTER -It is a soft bodies , worm like animal. - It grows up to 1 to 2 inc length. - The soft body shows deep black colour on the dorsal   side. - The light red colour on the ventral side. -The skin is soft and